Psychopathic mind pdf

Law Hum Behav. Hemphill JF. Psychopathy and recidivism: a review. Legal Criminol Psychol. Blair RJR. The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends Cogn Sci.

The Psychopath: Emotion and the Brain. Karnik NS. Disruptive behaviors: conduct and oppositional disorders in adolescents. Adoiesc Med Clin. Davidson RJ. Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: toward a synthesis. Morgan AB. A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clin Psychol Rev. J Forensic Psychiatry. Christiansen SA. Remembering details of emotional events: a comparison between psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders.

Pers Individ Diffe. Psychopathy as psychopathology: Hare's essential contributions. The Psychopath: Theory, Research, and Practice. A cognitive developmental approach to morality: investigating the psychopath.

Frick PJ. Antisocial behavior from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Patterson CM. Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition. Psychol Rev. Broadbent DE.

Perception and Communication. Desimone R. Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Ann Rev Neurosci. Mitchell DG. The impact of processing load on emotion. Pessoa L. Neuroimaging studies of attention and the processing of emotion-laden stimuli.

Prog Brain Res. Psychopathy, attention and emotion. Psychol Med. Kastner S. Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. Levenston GK. The psychopath as observer: Emotion and attention in picture processing. J Abn Psychol. Patrick CJ. Emotion in the criminal psychopath: Startle reflex modulation. Raymond JE. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: an attentional blink? Wolf RC. Reduced susceptibility to the attentional blink in psychopathic offenders: Implications for the attention bottleneck hypothesis.

Marois R. Neural correlates of the attentional blink. Aniskiewicz AS. Autonomic components of vicarious conditioning and psychopathy. J Clin Psychol. House TH. Autonomic responses to modeled distress in prison psychopaths. J Personal Soc Psychol. The psychopathic individual: a lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Marsh AA. Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: a meta-analysis.

Neurosci Biobehav Rev. Dawel A. Not just fear and sadness: meta-analytic evidence of pervasive emotion recognition deficits for facial and vocal expressions in psychopathy. Rothemund Y. Biol Psychol. Blair KS. Impaired decision making on the basis of both reward and punishment information in individuals with psychopathy. Indiv Diff.

Response perseveration in psychopaths. Budhani S. Impaired reversal but intact acquisition: probabilistic response reversal deficits in adult individuals with psychopathy.

Economic decision-making in psychopathy: a comparison with ventromedial prefrontal lesion patients. Person Individ Diff. Utilitarian moral judgment in psychopathy. Cogn Affect Neurosci. Aharoni E. Disparities in the moral intuitions of criminal offenders: the role of psychopathy. J Res Pers. Young L. Psychopathy increases perceived moral permissibility of accidents. Fowles DC. Psychophysiology and psychopathy: a motivational approach.

Lykken DT. A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. J Abn Soc Psychol. Research in Psychophysiology. New York, NY: Wiley; — Kiehl KA. A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction.

Psychiatry Res. O'Doherty JP. Beyond simple reinforcement learning: the computational neurobiology of reward-learning and valuation. Eur J Neurosci. Facial expressions, their communicatory functions and neurocognitive substrates.

Rescorla RA. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: ariations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Classical Conditioning II. White SF. Am J Psychiatry. Boccardi M. Ermer E. Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy. Yang Y. Morphological alterations in the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in unsuccessful psychopaths. Localization of deformations within the amygdala in individuals with psychopathy. Arch Gen Psychiatry.

Abnormal temporal and prefrontal cortical gray matter thinning in psychopaths. Given that we found no interactions ance of a green cross Fig. The author H. Subjects then rated the interaction with the and Pain—Receive, Pain—Approach, Love—Receive and Love-Approach unused hand operating a two-button response box on an point videos for empathy.

This resulted in one summary parameter estimate scale Fig. Subjects used the left hand in one, the right We then performed a full-factorial repeated-measures ANOVA in the other run order counterbalanced across subjects. Before with factors Group patient, control and Experiment observation, the Experience run, every interaction was practiced until smoothly empathy on Y. After the functional MRI experiments, subjects rated all videos by means of an in-house questionnaire Supplementary material.

Reporting of effects All analyses were reported using a false-discovery correction at qfdr 5 0. A minimum Functional magnetic resonance imaging voxel-wise threshold was additionally imposed at P 5 0. Only clusters of voxels Whole cerebrum activity was measured using a Philips Intera 3 T are reported. For null-findings, we indicate qfdr 4 0.

All analyses were thickness, no gap, single shot echo planar imaging, echo time: 30 ms, confined to the grey matter, as defined by averaging the normalized repetition time: 1.

Slices were aligned to the anterior commissure— grey matter segment of all participants and thresholding at The posterior commissure line. The first five scans were discarded T1 equi- qfdr 5 0. A T1-weighted image was also acquired repetition time: the entire grey matter irrespective of whether results are restricted 7.

The total acquisition correction for the region of interest. Echo planar images were high- exhibit vicarious activations, we additionally inclusively masked the pass filtered at s. A separate general linear model was used for whole-brain results thresholded at the whole-brain threshold deter- each experiment. The same was ence and an observation condition of actions, sensations or emo- done for experience, with the addition of a fifth predictor modelling tions and selected the regions most consistently activated by the rating epochs.

For empathy, four separate regressors were used for experience and observation. Whenever possible we then used empathizing with the receiving and approaching hand in the love and the Anatomy ToolBox Eickhoff et al. Those defined using those of the psychopathy group. Given that this interaction was not sig- ; Bastiaansen et al. We ence to select voxels that were significantly activated by at least then performed T-tests to determine which group had stronger activa- one of our stimuli by either one of the groups Fig.

ANOVAs transparent regions. Eight one-sample random effect t-tests, in SPM use a general linear model approach, which pools the error comparing the four summary volumes love, pain, neutral, exclu- variance, and are valid for inferences across groups with different n. A voxel was included in the region of interest ROI, purple if and only if it was significantly activated Punc 5 0.

We combined all hand interactions into a single region of interest, because empathic responses in Results the viewer are not always equal to the emotion in the actor; Groups did not differ on age, IQ and handedness Table 1. The seeing pain can trigger tender feelings in addition to, or instead patient group was significantly lower educated Table 1 and of, pain. Using a composite functional region of interest that Supplementary material. Mean Psychopathy Checklist-Revised included voxels triggered by any of the experiences love, pain, score for the patient group was As expected, the control group scored captured empathic responses that are not equal to the viewed lower P 5 0.

None of the participants scored above the cut-off for autistic love interactions also included in the region of interest definition. The same holds for pain triggered by the sight of exclusion etc. None of the control subjects regions leading to our final region of interest.

T-tests were used to compare the means of the groups; P-values are based on two-tailed testing except where directed hypotheses existed. See Supplementary Fig. Experience Punc 4 0. No significant and empathized hand Fig. Some areas were more activated for the control sub- Except for a voxel cluster in the pars orbitalis of the inferior jects, but fewer than during the observation experiment.

Observation Masking the analysis with the region of interest revealed very The ANOVA testing the null hypothesis that for each condition, limited group differences in the region of interest; the control the two groups had the same BOLD response revealed a large group only had higher BOLD in the primary somatosensory network of regions where this hypothesis was violated cortex; the patient group in the secondary somatosensory cortex [Punc 5 0.

A repeated measures both Punc 5 0. We therefore summed the activa- tions of all videos to examine the main effect of Group. This Effect of conditions revealed an extended network of brain regions with BOLD In all experiments, comparing the different stimulus categories signal differing between the groups [Punc 5 0.

All of material. To explore if these group differences could include vicarious activa- Interaction analysis between Group and tions, we masked the analysis inclusively with our region of inter- est i. Group differences during observation indeed include a instruction to empathize, we examined the interaction between number of regions within this region of interest [Punc 5 0. No regions showed the The null hypothesis that the two groups generated the same opposite effect.

Within the region of interest, the left anterior BOLD response for all four stimuli was rejected using an insula showed reduced group differences under the instruction ANOVA [qfdr 5 0. There was no to empathize Table 4, asterisk, small volume correction. A and B Group differences during observation Punc 5 0. C and D Group differences during empathy Punc 5 0.

Hot colours: BOLD response control 4 psychopaths; cold colours: psychopaths 4 controls. Slices and renders are taken from the mean normalized anatomy of all subjects. Supplementary material. To graphically illustrate this interaction Additional analyses to exclude analysis containing pain and love only, we also calculated the group differences during observation, only considering pain and confounds love trials Supplementary Fig.

Results are very similar to those consider- material ; baseline activation did not significantly differ between ing all conditions see also Fig. No regions were more active for the psychopathy than the control group. Finally, the table specifies cytoarchitectonic brain regions that the cluster overlaps with according to the Anatomy Toolbox.

Conventions as in Table 2. Table 4 Regions normalized after empathy instruction Cluster T MNI coordinates Hemi-sphere Macro anatomical location of peak voxel Overlap with size cytoarchitectonic regions x y z 59 5. See Supplementary Table 4 for the results of the same analysis on z-transformed values. Additionally, if empathy normalized cortices , and emotions anterior cingulate and insula cortices after instructions to empathize, we would expect that both were indeed hypo-activated in the psychopathy compared to the groups would report similar experiences while viewing the videos control group during observation.

However, group differences after the end of the experiment. A debriefing questionnaire attributable to vicarious activations were significantly reduced confirmed this prediction Supplementary material. Finally, when specifically instructing participants to empathize with the group differences during observation could not be explained actors in the videos.

Despite the fact that the different types of entirely by variance during experience Supplementary material. First, because there was a them experience and observe emotional hand interactions, while security risk considered unacceptable associated with bringing non- being scanned. We compared these activations with those of age- and IQ-matched healthy controls. During observation, individuals psychopathic incarcerated offenders to our scanning facility, we lack with psychopathy showed, compared to controls, a wide network such a control group.

Secondary factors linked to criminal lifestyle with reduced activations, including regions of the temporal, insu- e. In addition to agnostically reporting incarceration could thus contribute to our group differences. To do so, we used a dual, conser- their contribution through inclusion of nuisance covariates in our vative approach, in which we excluded visually triggered group analyses is impossible Miller and Chapman, Secondly, differences i. Doing so, we show that tant.

Third, incarcerated psychopaths are a subgroup of psycho- areas associated with vicarious activations to hand actions pre- paths. It is unclear whether those psychopaths that have never motor cortices , sensations primary and secondary somatosensory been incarcerated would show the same pattern of brain activity.

Vicarious representations in psychopathy Brain ; — With these limitations in mind, our results shed new light on the pole Amodio and Frith, ; Van Overwalle and Baetens, neural basis of psychopathy in two ways. First, they point to , and deliberate reappraisal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduced vicarious activity in regions involved in performing and angular gyrus, Ochsner et al.

A recent functional actions, feeling touch and experiencing emotions, that are consid- MRI study in healthy volunteers showed that the anterior insula ered functional markers of empathy, as a possible neural basis could be activated through the abovementioned mentalizing and for the reduced empathy and antisocial behaviour, central to psy- reappraisal circuits while participants deliberately try to imagine chopathy Hare et al. For most of us, seeing someone get hurt Taken together, this suggests that under instructions to triggers vicarious activity in pain areas.

Accordingly, Because we found these deficits to be independent rather, that they manage to recruit vicarious activations to a simi- of video type, they suggest reduced empathy even for the lar level. In the context of many residual group differences outside pleasure of others. Because stimulation of the insula can inhibit aggression in trigger quantitatively similar, overlapping patterns of activation monkeys Caruana et al.

Future experiments should thus coexist with qualitative differences in the actual emotions directly investigate the brain—behaviour link we propose, by creat- triggered. Our data would tion. However, in the main effect of Group during observation, predict that, particularly in participants with psychopathy, instruc- we also measured reduced activations in the bilateral amygdala. The effect of instruction is also apparent in the centred theories of psychopathy, this reduced amygdala activation brain activity in the psychopathy group outside the vicarious acti- invites us to consider how our findings relate to these dominant vation mask, where brain activity changed from never being more theories of psychopathy.

Our hypo-vicarious view of psychopathy active compared to control subjects during the observation experi- integrates well with models of moral development emphasizing ment Table 2 and Supplementary Table 3, and even when taking deficits in learning, where the amygdala of children normally only love and pain into account Supplementary Fig.

Altogether, combining the the distress of their victims Blair, This is because our findings of the observation and empathy experiment, our data reduced spontaneous vicarious activations within our region of suggest a profound reconceptualization of psychopathy more as interest could lead to reduced personal distress while harming a reduced propensity, rather than an incapacity, to generate vicar- others and our reduced bilateral amygdala activity outside the ious activations.

Indeed, in self-report measures of empathy, our region of interest may then lead to reduced associations between psychopathy group reported normal levels of trait empathy data aggression and the reduced personal distress in psychopathic not shown and, after instructions to empathize, to have their own individuals.

Our hypo-vicarious view of psychopathy, however, feelings affected as much by the different video types than our also overlaps with attention-based theories. Based on these concerns, School of Medicine leaders, including Dean Brown and Deputy Dean Latimore, in consultation with the Chair of the Child Study Center, reviewed a recording of the talk and found the tone and content antithetical to the values of the school.

In deciding whether to post the video, we weighed our grave concern about the extreme hostility, imagery of violence, and profanity expressed by the speaker against our commitment to freedom of expression. We ultimately decided to post the video with access limited to those who could have attended the talk— the members of the Yale community.

Yale School of Medicine expects the members of our community to speak respectfully to one another and to avoid the use of profanity as a matter of professionalism and acknowledgment of our common humanity. Yale School of Medicine does not condone imagery of violence or racism against any group. Add event to Calendar.